蒟蒻
我們吃的「蒟蒻」其實是蒟蒻芋的地下莖。蒟蒻是有毒植物,除不可生食外,一定要通過長時間的烘烤、煮沸或加工,先消除它的不良作用才可食用,而就像變魔法一樣,加工後的魔芋具有的功效是非常驚人的。
製造蒟蒻時是將蒟蒻的塊莖先洗乾淨,切成片狀後拿去曬乾,再把它磨碎成蒟蒻粉,加入石灰或鹼粉,利用大量的水經由過濾、混合等加工過程,再製成市售蒟蒻成品。因此,蒟蒻的含水量約佔全部的97%,其次則是少量的醣類、蛋白質及纖維質;而由於其在加工過程中會使礦物質與維生素A、B1、C流失,而使得它所留下來的大多數成分屬於水溶性膳食纖維。
而食用蒟蒻最大的好處,還是在於它所含有的特殊成分「葡糖甘露糖膠glucomannan」(1),這是一種葡萄醣與甘露醣鍵結的多醣類,和果膠同屬上述的水溶性纖維,此種成分能促進腸胃蠕動,避免便秘,幫助體內廢物及有害細菌之排除,減少有害菌與腸道接觸的機會,所以可預防大腸癌。
蒟蒻的健康效用
自古以來蒟蒻就有「去腸砂」之稱,即其有清淨腸子的功效。那是因為蒟蒻中除了葡甘露聚醣外還含有格克曼南(glucomannan),使得蒟蒻具多醣高黏稠之特性,可在胃腸內吸收水份,食用後易有飽足感,並有可包覆脂肪的效用;且其具有類似蔬菜之水溶性纖維,為人體吸收後可阻礙腸內細菌繁殖,並導引細菌排出,因此得「胃腸清道夫」之美名。除了豐富的纖維質與少量維生素外,蒟蒻並無其他營養成分,因此其屬「非卡路里」食品,而成為現今健康瘦身美容者的新寵兒。
改善高血壓
雖然蒟蒻經過加工後沒什麼營養價值,但還是有很大的用處,重點就在蒟蒻中的「葡甘露聚醣」。「葡甘露聚醣」有吸收膽固醇的功用,能夠抑制血糖值的上昇,當它在幫助血糖控制的同時,順帶暢空阻礙健康的膽固醇,促使膽固醇濃度正常化,可有效的降低高血壓。現代人飲食習慣不良,常常大魚大肉外加宵夜,對動物性食品攝取過量,相對的血液中便多了許多的膽固醇、血脂肪,造成血液循環的沉重負擔,這時體內的循環健康就變得非常重要。同時蒟蒻還具有使結石溶解的作用,經常食用可防止腎結石,也可使慢性腎炎獲得改善。
控制糖尿病
蒟蒻所含的水溶性膳食纖維之所以使蒟蒻在人體內不會被消化或吸收,是因為人體沒有酵素可將之分解,因這種特殊的特性反而使它在進入胃時可吸收醣類,直接進入小腸,並在小腸內抑制醣類吸收,由此減緩血糖上升。因為這些特性,使它除了改善高血壓外,也有助於糖尿病患對血糖的控制。然而就像之前提到的,蒟蒻本身不具藥性,且熱量低,因此糖尿病患在食用蒟蒻時還是應多加注意。
改善便祕
蒟蒻因為含有特殊食物纖維,以相同重量來比較,蒟蒻所含的纖維是青江菜的2倍,這種成份使蒟蒻在胃腸吸收水份時,能夠幫助胃腸蠕動的功能活絡,且蒟蒻將近97%的高含水量下,除了軟化大便,也可增加糞便體積,使腸道潤滑幫助排便,同時它還能包覆脂肪及體內多餘的毒素,將這些有害菌與腸道隔離並排出體外,這樣清潔、整腸的過程也降低了大腸癌的發生率,所以蒟蒻是體內環保最佳的幫手。
減肥聖品
為何蒟蒻可以減肥?其中還是因為蒟蒻含有大量的葡萄甘露聚醣,這種成分使得蒟蒻吸收水分後可以膨脹50到100倍,超強的吸水力加上具有不被人體消化吸收的特性,容易產生吃飽的安全感,可以幫助減少吃入過量的食物及熱量。而且其本身熱量低,就這樣,蒟蒻在滿足了美味、不過量、又吃得飽的情形下,熱量的攝取降低了,同時不用遭受便秘、忍著不吃東西的煎熬,又去除了體內髒東西的多重效果下,自然就引起了愛美人士的注意。
想以蒟蒻瘦身的人不妨在煮米飯時加入等量的蒟蒻,以降低澱粉的攝取;吃火鍋時,可加入蒟蒻條,因為蒟蒻較耐煮,不吸湯汁但又可以吃得飽,間接減少熱量攝取,以達到健康減重的功效。
蒟蒻強體好處一覽
飽肚感強:進食後,蒟蒻可在胃部膨脹,形成飽足感,減少因進食過量而致熱量過多,又可抑制腸道吸收營養素和熱量。
促進排便:富含水溶性膳食纖維,有助腸道蠕動,增加排便,預防便秘。
降膽固醇:能與膽酸結合,促使肝臟利用膽固醇製造膽酸,平衡血液中的膽酸濃度,從而降低血清膽固醇。
低卡瘦身:由於成分以水分為主,因此非常低卡,每一百克只約十六千卡,配合其促進排便的特點,更可清除宿便,達減磅功效。
資料來源:
今日營人
仁安醫院註冊營養師李向明(Joy),經驗資深,長期處於高度防患肥胖狀態,在公在私皆以健康為先。
註解:
(1) 蒟蒻纖維素來自『魔芋』植物的塊根,所含得多醣類主要成分為「葡糖甘露糖膠glucomannan」,人體中缺乏可分解的酵素,因此無法被人體消化吸收。也因這個 特色,搭上了減重與體內環保的熱潮,扮演起低熱量、高纖維的角色,剔除結腸壁的脂肪,維護心血管健康或有助於穩定膽固醇。
蒟蒻所含的葡甘露聚糖纖維能膨脹到它原來重量的60倍,因此有助於克制食慾,降低熱量攝取,間接達到熱量控制、輔助減重效果。
GLUCOMANNAN
Other Names: Amorphophallus
konjac, Amorphophallus rivieri, Glucomanano, Glucomannane, Konjac, Konjac
Mannan.
GLUCOMANNAN OVERVIEW
INFORMATION
Glucomannan is a sugar made
from the root of the konjac plant (Amorphophallus konjac). Glucommanan powder,
capsules, and tablets are used as medicine.
Glucomannan is used for
constipation, weight loss in adults and children, type 2 diabetes, blood sugar
control, and lowering cholesterol.
In foods, glucomannan is used
as a thickener or gelling agent. Glucommanan flour and powder are used in food.
How does it work?
Glucomannan might work in the
stomach and intestines by absorbing water to form a bulky fiber which treats
constipation. It may also slow the absorption of sugar and cholesterol from the
gut, helping to control sugar levels in diabetes, and reducing cholesterol
levels.
LUCOMANNAN USES & EFFECTIVENESS
Possibly Effective for:
Reducing cholesterol levels in
people with diabetes.
Helping control blood sugar in
people with type 2 diabetes.
Insufficient Evidence for:
Constipation.
Weight loss.
High cholesterol when used
with chitosan.
Other conditions.
More evidence is needed to rate
glucomannan for these uses.
GLUCOMANNAN SIDE EFFECTS &
SAFETY
Glucomannan powder or flour in
enriched foods such as Japanese noodles is LIKELY SAFE. Glucomannan powder and
capsules are POSSIBLY SAFE for most adults and children. But solid tablets
containing glucomannan are POSSIBLY UNSAFE. These can sometimes cause blockages
of the throat or intestines.
Special Precautions &
Warnings:
Pregnancy and breast-feeding:
Not enough is known about the use of glucomannan during pregnancy and
breast-feeding. Stay on the safe side and avoid use.
Diabetes: Glucomannan may
interfere with blood sugar control. Monitor blood sugar closely if you have
diabetes and use glucomannan.
Surgery: Glucomannan might
interfere with blood sugar control during and after surgery. Stop using
glucomannan at least 2 weeks before a scheduled surgery.
GLUCOMANNAN INTERACTIONS
Moderate Interaction Be
cautious with this combination
Medications for diabetes
(Antidiabetes drugs) interacts with GLUCOMANNAN
Glucomannan can decrease blood
sugar in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes medications are also used to
lower blood sugar. Taking glucomannan along with diabetes medications might
cause your blood sugar to go too low. Monitor your blood sugar closely. The
dose of your diabetes medication might need to be changed.
Some medications used for
diabetes include glimepiride (Amaryl), glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase PresTab,
Micronase), insulin, pioglitazone (Actos), rosiglitazone (Avandia),
chlorpropamide (Diabinese), glipizide (Glucotrol), tolbutamide (Orinase), and
others.
Medications taken by mouth
(Oral drugs) interacts with GLUCOMANNAN
Glucomannan absorbs substances
in the stomach and intestines. Taking glucomannan along with medications taken
by mouth can decrease how much medicine your body absorbs, and decrease the
effectiveness of your medication. To prevent this interaction, take glucomannan
at least one hour after medications you take by mouth.
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