2013年10月14日 星期一

揭露胰島素的全新作用

揭露胰島素的全新作用
Completely novel action of insulin unveiledhttp://www.physorg.com/news145097897.html


一位在澳洲雪梨 Garvan 醫學研究所的博士生揭露了胰島素如何作用之謎一個重要的部份,這個問題折磨了研究者超過 50 年。這項發現讓我們對「確切解釋胰島素如何促使脂肪與肌肉細胞吸收葡萄糖」更靠近一步。
Freddy Ming Fai Yip1(音譯:葉明輝)所完成的這項新奇發現,今日發表在知名國際期刊 Cell Metabolism 的線上版。

"
打從 1920 年代以來,那時 Banting Best 發現了胰島素,科學家就一直想要努力找出在實際上它如何作用," David James 教授說,Garvan 糖尿病計畫的頭兒。

"
接著 Freddy Yip 到來,進行他的博士研究,他揭露了全新的一種胰島素作用,我們相信那在葡萄糖的攝取(此過程在乙型糖尿病 (Type 2 diabetes) 有缺陷)中扮演十分重要的角色。"
這裡有二種過程涉及乙型糖尿病:在飽餐一頓後,胰島素在胰腺中的生產不足,以及無法在脂肪與肌肉細胞中攝取與儲存葡萄糖,即所謂的「胰島素抗性(insulin resistance)」。

Freddy
的發現聚焦在這二種過程之間的交點。"在細胞中,我們有一系列的馬達蛋白(motor proteins),那有能力沿著細胞內的「鐵軌軌跡」將分子從一處搬移到另一處," 他解釋。

"
我發現,胰島素活化一種特殊的「馬達蛋白」,稱為 Myo1c,那接著在葡萄糖攝取中完成了一種關鍵的任務。"
胰島素控制葡萄糖攝取到我們的脂肪細胞中。它從細胞內部將葡萄糖運輸蛋白移動到膜表面,以便它們能將葡萄糖泵入細胞中。Myo1c 藉由協助運輸蛋白滑入膜表面而支援這種過程。
在健康的人身上,大約有 80% 的葡萄糖運輸蛋白在飽餐一頓後遷移到細胞膜,讓大量的葡萄糖得以進入細胞。然而,在罹患乙型糖尿病者身上,這個比率降到約 10%

Freddy Yip
相信,他的研究將為未來的糖尿病研究創造出一種強健的基礎。"我們以前就知道,Myo1c 由於某種未知原因涉及到葡萄糖運輸的調控。我的研究指出,Myo1c 是胰島素作用的主要目標,並且加速將運輸蛋白傳送到細胞膜," 他說。

"
我們認為,在發展出胰島素抗性的人們身上,胰島素與 myo1c 之間的訊號也許被封鎖了。如果我們是正確的,那麼應該能夠以這種路徑為目標,開發新的治療方法。"

James
視此發現在探索的漫漫長路上,是種受歡迎的里程碑。"雖然我們的確不能說我們發現了一種治瘉糖尿病的方法,但我們可以說我們發現了一種相當重要的線索。"
相關報導:

CaMKII-Mediated Phosphorylation of the Myosin Motor Myo1c Is Required for Insulin-Stimulated GLUT4 Translocation in Adipocytes
Ming Fai Yip1(音譯:葉明輝),,
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a0.gifGeorg Ramm1,
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Mark Larance1,
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2,
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Kyle L. Hoehn1,
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Mark C. Wagner3,
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a0.gif
Michael Guilhaus2
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and
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David E. James1,
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a0.gif
Go To Corresponding Author
,
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http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a0.gif
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1 Diabetes and Obesity Research Program, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
2 Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
3 Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA

Copyright
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a9.gif2008 Elsevier Inc.. All rights reserved.
Cell Metabolism, Volume 8, Issue 5, 384-398, 5 November 2008
doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2008.09.011


Summary
The unconventional myosin Myo1c has been implicated in insulin-regulated GLUT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in adipocytes. We show that Myo1c undergoes insulin-dependent phosphorylation at S701. Phosphorylation was accompanied by enhanced 14-3-3 binding and reduced calmodulin binding. Recombinant CaMKII phosphorylated Myo1c in
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a0.gifvitro and siRNA knockdown of CaMKII
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u03b4.gif
abolished insulin-dependent Myo1c phosphorylation in
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vivo. CaMKII activity was increased upon insulin treatment and the CaMKII inhibitors CN21 and KN-62 or the Ca2+ chelator BAPTA-AM blocked insulin-dependent Myo1c phosphorylation and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in adipocytes. Myo1c ATPase activity was increased after CaMKII phosphorylation in
http://www.cell.com/images/glyphs/u00a0.gif
vitro and after insulin stimulation of CHO/IR/IRS-1 cells. Expression of wild-type Myo1c, but not S701A or ATPase dead mutant K111A, rescued the inhibition of GLUT4 translocation by siRNA-mediated Myo1c knockdown. These data suggest that insulin regulates Myo1c function via CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation, and these events play a role in insulin-regulated GLUT4 trafficking in adipocytes likely involving Myo1c motor activity.

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