2017年12月27日 星期三

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Welcome to the Vertex42 Blog

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2017年12月20日 星期三

【六四密檔】英引中國國務院人員:27軍掃射 學生、士兵皆中槍








港聞

【六四密檔】英引中國國務院人員:27軍掃射 學生、士兵皆中槍

  • 1989年「六四事件」發生將近29年,英國國家檔案館上月解封當年的外交檔案,記錄英國駐華大使館、港英政府以及英國情報人員,對中國局勢的評估以及軍事部署。

  • 《香港01》記者到檔案館查閱解密檔案,其中一份檔案記錄,解放軍清場翌日,英國駐華大使唐納德獲得一名中國國務院員工(member of State Council)消息,提及27軍執行清場任務的情況,過程中有學生、平民和無攜帶武器的瀋陽軍區士兵中槍。由於內容極度敏感,檔案仍有部分內容塗黑,消息人士身份至今成謎。

  • 記者:勞顯亮 駐倫敦特約記者:何敬淘


六四天安門事件以軍隊鎮壓收場,英國解密外交檔案,記錄自1989年4月胡耀邦逝世後八九民運的詳情。(何敬淘攝)

1989年英國外交檔案近日解封
英國最新修訂的《公共檔案法》和《資訊自由法》規定,從2013年1月1日起,英國政府將解密檔案的期限從30年縮短為20年,但有10年的過渡期,因此近年英國陸續解封20多年前的檔案,上月解封了1989年的外交檔案,揭露多年來英國外交部和駐外使館,收集各國的情報和局勢評估。
《香港01》記者在倫敦的英國檔案館,查閱1989年數千頁解密檔案,這些檔案包括4月15日胡耀邦逝世後,一直到5月20日北京戒嚴、6月4日清場後,英國的情報、對北京局勢的評估及解放軍的調動,亦有六四後中英在起草基本法時的角力。

八九民運期間,學生和市民佔領天安門廣場要求民主,1989年6月3日晚至4日凌晨,解放軍進入廣場,有學生中槍,六四事件流血收場。(美聯社)
消息人士身份被塗黑 至今未能公開
1989年6月2日下午,即軍隊進城前一日,英國駐華大使唐納德(Alan Donald),發電報回倫敦,引述一名消息人士指,39軍收到指令,將在未來兩三日進城。
1989年6月5日,即軍隊鎮壓翌日,唐納德在另一份發回倫敦的電報中,詳述一名中國國務院的成員(member of State Council),向英方的消息人士提供情報。對比英國其他外交檔案,引述一般職員的情報,多數會用「staff」(職員),而「member」可譯作成員或委員。
上述兩份電報提及英方消息人士身份的段落被塗黑,證明此人身份極敏感,至今仍不能公開。唐納德的電報指,這位中方成員以前的消息都已證實是準確的,並在文件中列明,中方消息人員把事實(fact)、推測(speculation)和傳聞(rumour)分類。
文件指,執行「暴行」(atrocities)的來自山西的第27軍,當中60%是低學歷人士(illiterate)。27軍指揮官Yang Zhenhua(音譯:楊振華),是時任國家主席、中央軍委副主席楊尚昆的侄子,即楊白冰之子。27軍的士兵被告知入京是進行訓練,並將會錄影,在清場前10日均不准看新聞。
(英國解密檔案)
27 army APCs opened fire on the crowd (both civilians and soldiers) before running over them in their APCs.
1989年六四事件中,解放軍在6月3日深夜至6月4日到天安門廣場,用武力清場。(Getty Images)
第一批已進入天安門廣場的瀋陽軍區士兵,已把學生和市民隔開,學生獲告知要在一小時內離開。但五分鐘後,裝甲車到場開火,沒有武器的士兵和學生都中槍。
文件另一段記錄了幾個細節:
1000 survivors were told they could escape via Zhengyi Lu but were then mown down by specially prepared M/G positions. 有1,000人獲准用正義路離開,但在那裏被埋伏的機關槍掃射。
在六四清場鎮壓中,一直有軍方坦克輾壓學生的報道,其中站出來自述遇害經過的學生方政是最著名的例子,不過,此前鮮有資料、報道或口述提及坦克誤輾軍兵的情況。
APCs caught up with SMR (Shenyang Military Region) straggler trucks, rammed and overturned them and ran over troops. 裝甲車追上掉隊的瀋陽軍區士兵,更輾過他們。

八九民運期間,北京天安門廣場聚集數十萬學生和市民,要求民主,最終解放軍武力鎮壓清場,六四事件血腥收場。圖為1989年5月4日,紀念五四運動70周年。(Getty Images)



“六四”罹難者死亡地點等分布圖。(天安門母親網站)
記錄死亡人數多個版本
文件引述的消息人士確認,楊尚昆與鄧小平友好,國務院一些委員認為內戰迫在眉睫(imminent)。他又推測,當局派27軍清場,因27軍最可靠和順從。
文件最後指,該名國務院人士估計,平民死亡人數至少為10,000人(Minimum estimate of civilian dead 10,000)。六四事件中究竟有多少人死傷,一直有不同版本。在1989年6月30日召開的人大常委會上,時任國務委員、北京市市長陳希同報告稱,共有3,000多名非軍人受傷,200多人死亡,包括36名大學生。2008年,「天安門母親」代表丁子霖,總結19年來尋訪的死難者人數,總數為188人,其中學生71人,她強調這絕非死難者全部,而名單中有13人仍找不到屍體。

六四時擔任新華社國內新聞部主任、之後擔任新華社社長兼總編輯的張萬舒,在2009年出版《歷史的大爆炸——六四事件全景實錄》,他在書中寫道:「《解放軍文藝》的資深編輯劉家駒通知告訴我,中國紅十字會黨組書記、副會長譚雲鶴確鑿的對他說:整個『六四』時間中,共計死了727人,軍隊14人,地方(包括學生和群眾)713人,每一具屍體都經他檢驗過。」
除了接獲中國國務院消息人士的情報,唐納德亦向倫敦發電報,匯報英國駐華使領館收集到的情報。6月4日唐納德電報,用「北京城度過了殘酷和血腥的一晚」來形容6月3日晚至6月4日凌晨的清場。
同日的另一份電報,唐納德會見西方國家駐華使節,歐共體代表援引中方消息,估計死亡人數在2,000至3,000之間。而西班牙駐華大使則稱,西班牙一隊攝製隊在6月4日清晨7點,人民英雄紀念碑周圍的學生獲准離開天安門廣場。西班牙大使估計,死亡人數約2,600人。西班牙攝製隊的片段直至1994年才曝光,亞視新聞部當年購入影片,一度被管理層禁播,引發新聞部高層辭職的「亞視六君子事件」。
到6月22日,唐納德綜合多方消息,評估死亡人數約2,700至3,400人,這份電報同樣因消息源極敏感而被塗黑,至今未能公開。
六四的死亡人數,多年來都有多個版本,中國紅十字會曾估計約2,600至3,000人之間,而2014年《壹週刊》報道美國白宮解密文件,引述中方戒嚴部隊線人引述中方內部文件,稱天安門及長安街共8,726人被殺,而天安門以外的北京城共1,728人被殺,即總死亡人數為10,454人被殺,與英國引述中國國務院消息的人數相若。

1989年六四事件,解放軍在天安門廣場武力鎮壓清場,6月4日日間,長安街有清場時被市民攔截的坦克。(Getty Images)

https://www.hk01.com/sns/article/140801/?utm_content=bufferb1ce6&utm_medium=Social&utm_source=facebook+hk01&utm_campaign=buffer
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2017年12月12日 星期二

Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters removed from outside legislature amid protest over house rules



Hong Kong pro-democracy protesters removed from outside legislature amid protest over house rules


Pro-democracy demonstrators have been removed from outside the legislature amid a protest over the pro-Beijing camp’s attempt to amend the LegCo’s rules in their favour.
Around 300 attended Monday’s protest, including lawmakers. Democrats had initially intended on camping overnight and surrounding the Legislative Council Complex on Wednesday. However, after repeated warnings from the police, they were removed from the site just before midnight.
legco rules of procedure protest
Photo: Kris Cheng/HKFP.
Changes to the Rules of Procedure have been proposed mostly by the pro-Beijing camp in order to curb filibustering by democrats.
The pro-democracy camp does not have enough votes to block any modifications after six of its democratically-elected lawmakers were disqualified by a court following government legal action. The changes could rob them of power to block bills or form certain investigative committees.
legco rules of procedure protest
Photo: Kris Cheng/HKFP.
Earlier in the evening, the protesters were ordered by a LegCo security guard to “behave in an orderly manner” and “comply with directions given by officer of the Council” under section 11 of the legislature’s administrative instructions. Protesters were forbidden from putting up tents, and were requested to retrieve any tents that had been erected.
“I have a right to protest,” demonstrators chanted.



Democrats across the political spectrum sit in and camp out to prevent the shameless puppets of Peking from change the Legislative Council Rules of Order.   

They were also told that, under the law, those who assault, interfere with or obstruct a Legislative Council officer are liable to a HK$10,000 fine and 12-months behind bars.
legco rules of procedure protest
Photo: Kris Cheng/HKFP.
“Hong Kong is finished after the LegCo rules are changed,” one protester shouted outside the police barricade. “How can one person [LegCo president] has so much power?”
According to the Legislative Council rules, the demonstration area is only open for use between 7am and 11pm.
legco rules of procedure protest
Photo: Kris Cheng/HKFP.
At around 11:30pm, the camps were peacefully pulled to the sidewalk, while the protesters were removed one by one from the site by guards. Some demonstrators had to be carried out by Legislative Council security officers.
The guards asked for police assistance at around 12:10am on Tuesday to move protesters. The police did not remove lawmakers.
All protesters were removed or left at around 2am.
legco rules of procedure protest
Photo: Kris Cheng/HKFP.
Earlier on Monday, Legislative Council President Andrew Leung announced the decision to host four additional meetings on Thursday, Friday, Saturday and next Monday so that the changes to the legislature’s rules could be handled before Christmas holidays.



Just in: Pro-democracy lawmakers are camping outside the  legislature in protest of proposed changes to the house rules which may rob them of power: http://bit.ly/2Asai74  Security have ordered them to leave.

The pro-democracy camp said that if, the legislature changes its Rules of Procedures, the government would face no opposition on issues such as the national anthem law, the controversial joint checkpoint arrangement for the express rail link, and legislating the national security law.
legco rules of procedure protest
Photo: Kris Cheng/HKFP.
The protest came exactly three years since the pro-democracy Umbrella Movement camp was dismantled by police in Admiralty.
Additional reporting: Kris Cheng.
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https://www.hongkongfp.com/2017/12/12/just-guards-remove-hong-kong-pro-democracy-lawmakers-outside-legislature-amid-protest-house-rules/
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